Cover image

Title page

Table of Contents

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgement

Video Table of Contents

Section I. Physics and Principles of Interpretation

Chapter 1. Radiation Protection and Physics of Diagnostic Radiology

Basic Properties of X-Rays

Radiation Protection

Production Of X-Rays

Interaction Of Radiation With Matter

Basic Concept Of Making A Radiograph

Factors Affecting Image Detail

Factors Affecting Contrast

Chapter 2. Digital Radiographic Imaging

What Is Digital Radiographic Imaging?

The Digital Image File

The Components Of A Digital Image

Digital Radiography Acquisition Hardware

Image Processing And Viewing

Digital Versus Analog Imaging

Artifacts

Chapter 3. Physics of Ultrasound Imaging

Physical Principles Of Ultrasound Waves

Ultrasound Wave Interaction With Matter

Transducers

Display

Basic Scanner Controls

Principles Of Interpretation

Doppler Techniques

Doppler Modes

Artifacts

Doppler Artifacts

Chapter 4. Principles of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Veterinary Practice

Image Formation: General Concepts

Computed Tomography

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Chapter 5. Contrast Media in Diagnostic Imaging

Introduction

Radiographic Contrast Media

Barium Contrast Media

Iodine-Based Contrast Media

Negative Contrast Media

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Media

Ultrasound Contrast Media

Acknowledgment

Chapter 6. Radiographic Interpretation

What Is A Radiograph?

How X-Ray Exposure Is Represented in The Image

Radiographic Interpretation

Naming and Viewing Radiographs

Radiographic Opacities

Radiographic Contrast

Describing Abnormalities

Radiographic Geometry

Chapter 7. Errors and Pitfalls in Radiographic Interpretation

How We See

How We Think

Errors

Error Reduction

Section II. The Axial Skeleton: Canine, Feline, and Equine

Chapter 8. Radiographic Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

Chapter 9. Basic Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Axial Skeleton

Skull

Spine

Chapter 10. Canine and Feline Dental Disease

Anatomy And Radiographic Interpretation

Periodontal Disease

Endodontic Disease

Tooth Resorption

Dentoalveolar Trauma

Neoplastic Disorders

Developmental Abnormalities Of The Teeth

Acknowledgment

Chapter 11. The Skull and Nasal Cavities: Canine and Feline

Normal Anatomy

Congenital Anomalies

Metabolic Anomalies

Neoplastic Abnormalities

Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders

Traumatic Injuries

Miscellaneous Diseases

Chapter 12. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomographic Features of Brain Disease in Small Animals

Basic Magnetic Resonance Examination Of The Brain

Basic Computed Tomographic Examination Of The Brain

Miscellaneous Disorders

Brain Neoplasia

Vascular Disruptions

Chapter 13. The Equine Head

Radiology Versus Other Imaging Modalities

Diseases Of The Nasal Cavity/Paranasal Sinuses

Dental Disease

Nondental Diseases Of The Mandible And Maxilla

Guttural Pouch

Larynx/Upper Airway

Ear/Hyoid Apparatus

Brain

Other Conditions Of The Head

Acknowledgment

Chapter 14. Radiography and Myelography of the Canine and Feline Vertebrae

Anatomic Considerations

Anomalies Of The Vertebral Column

Fracture And Luxation

Intervertebral Disc Disease

Inflammatory Conditions

Degenerative Conditions

Vertebral Neoplasia

Metabolic And Unclassified Conditions

Myelography

Acknowledgment

Chapter 15. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Features of Canine and Feline Spinal Cord Disease

Normal Appearance Of The Spine On Computed Tomography And Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Intervertebral Disc Disease

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

Cystic Changes Of The Spine

Spinal Tumors

Myelomalacia

Vascular Pathology

Spinal Trauma

Inflammatory/Infectious Conditions

Vertebral Anomalies

Syringomyelia

Section III. The Appendicular Skeleton: Canine, Feline, and Equine

Chapter 16. Radiographic Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton

Chapter 17. Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Appendicular Skeleton and Radiographic Features of Bone Tumors

Positioning: Dog and Cat

Positioning: Horse

Aggressive Versus Nonaggressive Bone Lesions

Chapter 18. Orthopedic Diseases of Young and Growing Dogs and Cats

Disorders Primarily Affecting Joints

Epiphyseal Dysplasia

Diseases Primarily Affecting The Physis

Diseases Of The Metaphysis

Disease Primarily Affecting The Diaphysis

Generalized Bone Disorders

Focal Agenesis or Malformations

Diseases Primarily Affecting The Skull

Acknowledgment

Chapter 19. Fracture Healing and Complications

Physiology of Bone Development and Healing

Fracture Identification And Description

Fracture Healing

Radiographic Evaluation Of Fracture Healing And Associated Complications

Chapter 20. Radiographic Signs of Joint Disease in Dogs and Cats

Radiographic Signs Of Joint Disease

Sesamoid Bones

Degenerative Joint Disease

Trauma To The Joint

The Synovium

Immune-Mediated Polyarthropathies

Septic Arthritis

Miscellaneous Polyarthropathies

Joint Neoplasia

Chapter 21. The Equine Stifle

The Stifle

Diseases Of The Femoropatellar Joint

Diseases Of The Femorotibial Joints

Fractures Involving The Stifle

Miscellaneous Conditions Involving The Stifle

Chapter 22. Equine Tarsus

Tarsal Anatomy

Tarsal Radiography

Developmental Osseous Conditions

Degenerative And Acquired Osseous Conditions

Soft Tissue Conditions Of The Equine Tarsus

Acknowledgment

Chapter 23. Equine Carpus

Radiographic Study Acquisition

Normal Anatomical Variants And Incidental Findings

Radiographic Abnormalities

Acknowledgment

Chapter 24. Equine Metacarpus and Metatarsus

Radiographic Anatomy And Common Variants

Common Radiographic Abnormalities Of The Metacarpus

Other Imaging Techniques

Acknowledgment

Chapter 25. Equine Fetlock Joint

Anatomy

Radiographic Examination

Alternative Imaging Modalities

Radiographic Interpretation Of Diseases Of The Metacarpophalangeal/Metatarsophalangeal Articulation

Acknowledgment

Chapter 26. Equine Pastern

Overview

Indications For Radiography

Alternate Imaging Of The Pastern

Technical Factors

Normal Radiographic Anatomy and Anatomical Variations

Radiographic Abnormalities

Chapter 27. Equine Foot

Overview

Indications for Radiography

Technical Factors

Normal Radiographic Anatomy (Including Variations)

Radiographic Changes Secondary To Disease Within The Foot

Articular Pathology

Soft Tissue Pathology

The Hoof

Section IV. The Thoracic Cavity Canine, Feline and Equine

Chapter 28. Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Thorax

Nomenclature

Radiographic Technique: Dog And Cat

Radiographic Technique: Horse

Positioning: Dog And Cat

Positioning: Horse

Why Are Both Left and Right Lateral Thoracic Views Needed Routinely in Small Animals?

Specific Features of Canine and Feline Thoracic Radiographs

Interpretation Paradigm

Chapter 29. Canine and Feline Larynx and Trachea

Anatomic Considerations: Normal Anatomy

Radiographic Technique

Radiographic Signs of Disease

Ultrasound

Computed Tomography And Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Acknowledgment

Chapter 30. Pharynx, Upper Esophageal Sphincter, and Esophagus

Introduction

Anatomic and Physiologic Features

Radiography

Contrast Radiography

Contrast Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Studies

Pharyngeal And Cricopharyngeal Dysphagia

Esophageal Disorders

Foreign Bodies

Vascular Ring Anomalies

Inflammatory Diseases

Diverticula, Perforation, and Fistula Formation

Esophageal Varices

Aerodigestive Disorders

Acknowledgment

CHAPTER 31. Canine and Feline Thoracic Wall

The Normal Thoracic Wall

Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities

Thoracic Wall Trauma

Thoracic Wall Mass Lesions

Acknowledgment

Chapter 32. Canine and Feline Diaphragm

Normal Radiographic Anatomy

Radiographic Signs of Diaphragmatic Disease

Diaphragmatic Diseases

Chapter 33. Canine and Feline Mediastinum

Normal Anatomy

Pathologic Mediastinal Conditions

CHAPTER 34. Canine and Feline Pleural Space

Pleural Anatomy and Physiology

Normal Radiographic Appearance of Pleura and Pleural Thickening

Pleural Fluid

Pneumothorax

Pleural Thickening, Nodules, and Masses

Acknowledgment

CHAPTER 35. Canine and Feline Cardiovascular System

Introduction

Radiographic Projections and Technical Considerations

Interpretation Paradigm for the Cardiovascular Structures

Evaluation of Cardiac Silhouette Size

Specific Patterns of Cardiac Chamber Enlargement

Specific Patterns of Great Vessel Enlargement

Specific Patterns of Lobar Pulmonary Vessel Changes

Features of Congestive Heart Failure

Abnormal Opacity of the Cardiac Silhouette

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Ventricular Septal Defect

Atrial Septal Defect

Pulmonic Stenosis

Aortic Stenosis

Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia

Mitral Valve Dysplasia

Mitral Valve Stenosis

Tetralogy of Fallot

Cor Triatriatum Sinistrum/Cor Triatriatum Dextrum

Acknowledgment

Chapter 36. Canine and Feline Lung

Lung Anatomy and Radiographic Appearance

The Breathing Cycle Applied to Thoracic Radiography

Radiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Disease

Diagnostic Imaging of Specific Lung Diseases

Acknowledgment

CHAPTER 37. Equine Thorax

Radiographic Technique

Normal Anatomy

Alternative Imaging Modalities

Pulmonary Disease

Pleural Disease

Mediastinal Disease

Tracheal Disease

Esophageal Disease

Cardiac Disease

Section V. Abdominal Cavity: Canine and Feline

Chapter 38. Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Abdomen

Nomenclature

Preparation

Radiographic Technique—Dog and Cat

Radiographic Technique—Horse

Positioning—Dog and Cat

Positioning—Horse

Why Are Both Left and Right Lateral Abdominal Views Needed Routinely in Small Animals?

Ancillary Views

Ancillary Factors

Specific Differences Between Canine and Feline Abdominal Radiographs

Abdominal Mass/Mass Effect

Interpretation Paradigm

Chapter 39. Peritoneal Space

Normal Anatomy and Imaging Procedures

Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disease

Normal Anatomy and Imaging of the Abdominal Wall

Abdominal Lymph Nodes

Pancreas

Adrenal Glands

Acknowledgment

CHAPTER 40. Liver and Spleen

Radiology of the Liver

Computed Tomography of the Liver

Ultrasound of the Liver

Radiology of the Spleen

Ultrasound of the Spleen

Chapter 41. Kidneys and Ureters

Normal Anatomy and Imaging Procedures

Renal Diseases

Diseases of the Ureters

Trauma to the Ureters and Kidney

Chapter 42. Urinary Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy

Radiographic Signs of Urinary Bladder Disease

Contrast Cystography

Ultrasonography

Urethra

Radiography and Urethrography

Ultrasonography

Diseases of the Urethra

CHAPTER 43. Prostate Gland

Normal Anatomy and Radiographic Appearance

Diseases of the Prostate Gland

Chapter 44. Uterus, Ovaries, Vagina, and Testes

Imaging Procedures and Normal Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract Radiography

Ultrasound

Computed Tomography

Normal Pregnancy

Abnormal Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Findings During Pregnancy

Puerperium

Abnormal Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Findings in Ovarian Diseases

Abnormal Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Findings in Uterine Diseases

Abnormal Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Findings in Vaginal Diseases

Abnormal CT Findings in Female Genital Tract Diseases

Imaging Procedures and Normal Anatomy of the Testicles

Abnormal Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Findings in Scrotal And Testicle Diseases

Abnormal CT Findings in Testicles Diseases

Acknowledgment

Chapter 45. Stomach

Normal Anatomy

Imaging Procedures

Gastric Diseases

Changes in Gastric Shape and Size

Abnormal Gastric Content

Gastric Wall Changes

Acknowledgment

Chapter 46. Small Bowel

The Normal Small Bowel

Abnormal Small Bowel

Chapter 47. Large Bowel

Anatomy

Imaging Procedures

Large Bowel Diseases

Mural Abnormalities of the Large Bowel

Congenital Large Bowel Diseases

Acknowledgment

Index